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اقتصاد::
ابزار اقتصادی
The principle inspired interest in economic instruments as a means of promoting a full integration of environmental and economic issues, particularly after the 1987 Brundtland report successfully advocated for the concept of sustainable development worldwide.
In this context, economic instruments would be the key policy means of joining economic and environmental sustainability.
A number of empirical evaluations of the gains achieved with economic instruments (taxes or tradable permits) have been made; they suggest that cost savings can be substan- tial.
Measuring benefits of such economic instruments is difficult because it depends on the choice of the counterfactual (business as usual or another policy instrument?)
Direct benefits echo the situation of Figure 3.3 and are not so ambiguous if the main variables are known; indirect ones include businesses' taking advantage of new opportunities for which the economic instrument has no respon- sibility but that a rigid command-and-control approach would not have permitted.
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